Where Else Has the English Bill of Rights or a Similar Document Shown Up Again in History

English civil rights legislation

United Kingdom legislation

The Nib of Rights^{[nb ane]}

Parliament of England
Long title	An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Field of study and Settling the Succession of the Crown.
Citation	1 William & Mary Sess 2 c 2
Dates
Royal assent	16 December 1689
Commencement	13 Feb 1688/9[nb 2]
Status: Amended
Revised text of statute as amended

The Bill of Rights
Created	1689
Location	Parliamentary Archives
Author(s)	Parliament of England
Purpose	Assert the rights of Parliament and the individual, and ensure a Protestant political supremacy
Full Text
Beak of Rights 1689 at Wikisource

The Bill of Rights 1689, also known as the Beak of Rights 1688,^{[nb 2]} is a landmark Human action in the constitutional law of England that sets out certain basic civil rights and clarifies who would be next to inherit the Crown. It received the Purple Assent on 16 December 1689 and is a restatement in statutory form of the Declaration of Right presented past the Convention Parliament to William Iii and Mary II in February 1689, inviting them to get joint sovereigns of England. The Bill of Rights lays down limits on the powers of the monarch and sets out the rights of Parliament, including the requirement for regular parliaments, gratuitous elections, and freedom of speech in Parliament.^[3] It sets out certain rights of individuals including the prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment and confirmed that "Protestants may have arms for their defence force suitable to their conditions and as immune past law". It also includes no right of taxation without Parliament's agreement. Furthermore, the Pecker of Rights described and condemned several misdeeds of James Two of England.^[4]

These ideas reflected those of the political philosopher John Locke and they quickly became popular in England.^[5] It likewise sets out – or, in the view of its drafters, restates – sure constitutional requirements of the Crown to seek the consent of the people, as represented in Parliament.^{[four] [six]}

In the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, the Bill of Rights is farther accompanied by Magna Carta, the Petition of Right, the Habeas Corpus Human action 1679 and the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 equally some of the bones documents of the uncodified British constitution. A separate but like document, the Claim of Right Act 1689, applies in Scotland. The Pecker of Rights 1689 was one of the models for the United States Bill of Rights of 1789, the United nations Declaration of Homo Rights of 1948 and the European Convention on Human Rights of 1950.^[3]

Along with the Human action of Settlement 1701, the Bill of Rights is still in effect in all Commonwealth realms. Following the Perth Understanding in 2011, legislation alteration both of them came into effect across the Commonwealth realms on 26 March 2015.

Background [edit]

During the 17th century, there was renewed interest in Magna Carta.^{[7] [8]} The Parliament of England passed the Petition of Correct in 1628 which established sure liberties for subjects. The English language Ceremonious State of war (1642–1651) was fought between the King and an oligarchic but elected Parliament,^{[ix] [ten]} during which the notion of long-term political parties took class with the New Model Regular army Grandee and humble, leveller-influenced figures debating a new constitution in the Putney Debates of 1647.^[11] Parliament was largely cowed by the executive during the Protectorate (1653–1659) and almost of the xx-v years of Charles II's English Restoration from 1660. Nonetheless, information technology, with the advantage of the growth in printed pamphlets and support of the Urban center of London, was able to temper some of the executive excess, intrigue and largesse of the government, specially the Conduce ministry building who signed a Secret Treaty of Dover that allied England to France in a prospective state of war confronting oft-allies the Netherlands.^[12] It had already passed the Habeas Corpus Human action in 1679, which strengthened the convention that forbade detention lacking sufficient cause or evidence.

Glorious Revolution [edit]

Objecting to the policies of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland and James Two of Republic of ireland), a group of English Parliamentarians invited the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange) to overthrow the Rex. William's successful invasion with a Dutch armada and army led to James fleeing to France. In Dec 1688, peers of the realm appointed William as provisional governor. It was widely acknowledged that such activeness was constitutional, if the monarch were incapacitated, and they summoned an assembly of many members of parliament. This assembly called for an English language Convention Parliament to be elected, which convened on 22 January 1689.^{[13] [xiv]}

Declaration of Correct [edit]

The proposal to describe up a statement of rights and liberties and James'south violation of them was starting time made on 29 January 1689 in the House of Commons, with members arguing that the House "cannot reply it to the nation or Prince of Orange till we declare what are the rights invaded" and that William "cannot have information technology ill if we make weather condition to secure ourselves for the future" in order to "do justice to those who sent us hither". On two February a committee specially convened reported to the Eatables 23 Heads of Grievances, which the Commons approved and added some of their own. Notwithstanding, on 4 February the Commons decided to instruct the committee to differentiate betwixt "such of the general heads, as are introductory of new laws, from those that are declaratory of aboriginal rights". On seven February the Commons approved this revised Declaration of Right, and on eight Feb instructed the commission to put into a single text the Declaration (with the heads which were "introductory of new laws" removed), the resolution of 28 Jan and the Lords' proposal for a revised adjuration of fidelity. It passed the Commons without division.^[15]

On 13 Feb the clerk of the Firm of Lords read the Proclamation of Right, and the Marquess of Halifax, in the name of all the estates of the realm, asked William and Mary to accept the throne. William replied for his married woman and himself: "Nosotros thankfully accept what you have offered us". They then went in procession to the great gate at Whitehall. The Garter King at Arms proclaimed them King and Queen of England, France, and Ireland, whereupon they adjourned to the Chapel Royal, with the Bishop of London preaching the sermon.^[sixteen] They were crowned on 11 April, swearing an oath to uphold the laws made by Parliament. The Coronation Adjuration Act 1688 had provided a new coronation oath, whereby the monarchs were to "solemnly promise and swear to govern the people of this kingdom of England, and the dominions thereunto belonging, according to the statutes in parliament agreed on, and the laws and customs of the same". They were besides to maintain the laws of God, the truthful profession of the Gospel, and the Protestant Reformed religion established by constabulary.^[17] This replaced an oath which had deferred more to the monarch. The previous oath required the monarch to rule based on "the laws and customs ... granted by the Kings of England".^[eighteen]

Provisions of the Deed [edit]

The Declaration of Right was enacted in an Act of Parliament, the Bill of Rights 1689, which received the Royal Assent in December 1689.^[nineteen] The Act asserted "certain ancient rights and liberties" past declaring that:^[20]

• the pretended power of suspending the laws and dispensing with^{[nb 3]} laws by imperial authority without consent of Parliament is illegal;
• the commission for ecclesiastical causes is illegal;
• levying taxes without grant of Parliament is illegal;
• information technology is the correct of the subjects to petition the king, and prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal;
• keeping a standing army in fourth dimension of peace, unless information technology be with consent of Parliament, is against police force;
• Protestants may have arms for their defence suitable to their conditions and as allowed by police;
• election of members of Parliament ought to be complimentary;
• the freedom of voice communication and debates or proceedings in Parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in whatever court or place out of Parliament;
• excessive bond ought non to exist required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor fell and unusual punishments inflicted;
• jurors in trials for loftier treason ought to be freeholders;
• promises of fines and forfeitures earlier confidence are illegal and void;
• for redress of all grievances, and for the amending, strengthening and preserving of the laws, Parliaments ought to exist held often.

The Human action declared James's flight from England following the Glorious Revolution to be an abdication of the throne. It listed twelve of James's policies by which James designed to "effort to subvert and extirpate the protestant religion, and the laws and liberties of this kingdom".^[21] These were:^[22]

• by assuming and exercising a power of dispensing with and suspending of laws and the execution of laws without consent of Parliament;
• by prosecuting the Seven Bishops; by establishing the court of commissioners for ecclesiastical causes;
• by levying taxes for the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative as if the same was granted by Parliament;
• by raising and keeping a standing army within this kingdom in time of peace without consent of Parliament;
• past causing Protestants to be disarmed at the same fourth dimension when papists were both armed and employed reverse to police force;
• by violating the freedom of election of members to serve in Parliament;
• past prosecutions in the Court of King's Bench for matters and causes cognizable merely in Parliament, and past divers (diverse) other arbitrary and illegal courses;
• by employing unqualified persons on juries in trials, and jurors in trials for high treason which were not freeholders;
• past imposing excessive bail on persons committed in criminal cases against the laws made for the liberty of the subjects;
• past imposing excessive fines and illegal and barbarous punishments;
• by making several grants and promises made of fines and forfeitures before whatever confidence or judgment against the persons upon whom the same were to be levied;
• all which are utterly and direct contrary to the known laws and statutes and liberty of this realm.

In a prelude to the Human action of Settlement to come twelve years after, the Bill of Rights barred Roman Catholics from the throne of England every bit "information technology hath been plant by experience that it is inconsistent with the safety and welfare of this Protestant kingdom to be governed by a papist prince"; thus William Three and Mary Two were named equally the successors of James Ii and that the throne would pass from them first to Mary'due south heirs, and then to her sister, Princess Anne of Kingdom of denmark and her heirs (and, thereafter, to any heirs of William past a later marriage).

Augmentation and result [edit]

The Beak of Rights was afterward supplemented past the Act of Settlement 1701 (which was agreed to past the Parliament of Scotland as part of the Treaty of Union). The Act of Settlement contradistinct the line of succession to the throne laid out in the Bill of Rights.^[23] However, both the Neb of Rights and the Claim of Correct contributed a great bargain to the institution of the concept of parliamentary sovereignty and the curtailment of the powers of the monarch.^{[24] [25] [26]} These have been held to have established the constitutional monarchy,^[27] and (along with the penal laws) settled much of the political and religious turmoil that had convulsed Scotland, England and Ireland in the 17th century.

The Bill of Rights (1689) reinforced the Petition of Right (1628) and the Habeas Corpus Act (1679) by codifying certain rights and liberties. Described by William Blackstone as Fundamental Laws of England, the rights expressed in these Acts became associated with the idea of the rights of Englishmen.^[28] The Bill of Rights directly influenced the 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights,^{[29] [nb 4]} which in plough influenced the Declaration of Independence.^[30]

Although not a comprehensive statement of civil and political liberties, the Bill of Rights stands every bit ane of the landmark documents in the development of civil liberties in the Uk and a model for subsequently, more general, statements of rights;^{[31] [18] [26]} these include the United states Bill of Rights, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the European Convention on Human Rights.^{[32] [33]} For example, as with the Pecker of Rights 1689, the US Constitution prohibits excessive bail and "brutal and unusual penalization". Similarly, "roughshod, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment" is banned under Article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human being Rights and Article 3 of the European Convention on Homo Rights.

Legal status [edit]

The Pecker of Rights remains in statute and continues to be cited in legal proceedings in the U.k. and other Commonwealth realms, particularly Article 9 on parliamentary freedom of speech.^{[34] [35]} Following the Perth Agreement in 2011, legislation amending the Bill of Rights and the Human activity of Settlement 1701 came into effect beyond the Democracy realms on 26 March 2015 which inverse the laws of succession to the British throne.

Function of the Bill of Rights remains in statute in the Republic of Ireland.

United kingdom [edit]

The Bill of Rights applies in England and Wales; it was enacted in the Kingdom of England which at the time included Wales. Scotland has its ain legislation, the Merits of Right Act 1689, passed before the Act of Union between England and Scotland. There are doubts as to whether, or to what extent, the Bill of Rights applies in Northern Ireland, reflecting earlier doubts every bit regards Ireland.^{[34] [nb 5]}

The requirement that jurors be freeholders in cases of high treason was abolished in England and Wales past the Juries Act 1825, and in Northern Republic of ireland (to the extent it applied) past the Statute Law Revision Act 1950.

Natural justice, the right to a off-white trial, is in ramble law held to temper unfair exploitation of parliamentary privilege. On 21 July 1995 a libel example, Neil Hamilton, MP v The Guardian, collapsed as the High Court ruled that the Nib of Rights' total bar on bringing into question anything said or done in the House, prevented The Guardian from obtaining a fair hearing. Hamilton could otherwise accept carte blanche to allege any background or pregnant to his words, and no contradicting direct evidence, inference, extra submission or cross-examination of his words could have identify due to the tight strictures of the Bill of Rights. Equally the highest courtroom decided that absent-minded a 1996 statutory provision, the Bill of Rights's entrenched Parliamentary Privilege would accept prevented a fair trial but to Hamilton in the 2001 defamation action of Hamilton v Al-Fayed which went through the 2 tiers of appeal to similar effect.^[38] Department 13 of the Defamation Act 1996 was then enacted and permits MPs to waive their parliamentary privilege and thus cite and have examined their own speeches if relevant to litigation.^[39]

Following the Great britain European Matrimony membership referendum in 2016, the Bill of Rights was cited by the Supreme Court in the Miller instance, in which the court ruled that triggering EU exit must first be authorised past an deed of Parliament.^{[40] [41]} Information technology was cited again by the Supreme Court in its 2019 ruling that the prorogation of parliament was unlawful. The Court disagreed with the Government'due south exclamation that prorogation could not be questioned under the Bill of Rights 1689 equally a "proceeding of Parliament"; it ruled that the opposite assertion, that prorogation was imposed upon and not debatable by Parliament, and could bring protected parliamentary action under the Nib of Rights to an stop unlawfully.^[42]

Ireland [edit]

The application of the Neb of Rights to the Kingdom of Ireland was uncertain. While the English Parliament sometimes passed acts relating to Ireland, the Irish gaelic Patriot Party regarded this as illegitimate, and others felt that English acts just extended to Ireland when explicitly stated to practice so, which was non the case for the Neb of Rights. The Crown of Ireland Deed 1542 meant the Bill's changes to the royal succession extended to Ireland. Bills modelled on the Bill of Rights were introduced in the Parliament of Ireland in 1695 and 1697 but not enacted. Later the Acts of Matrimony 1800, provisions relating to the rights of Parliament implicitly extended to Republic of ireland, just provisions relating to the rights of the individual were a grey area. Some jurists regarded the beak not every bit positive law just as declaratory of the common police, and every bit such applicable to Ireland.^[43]

The 1922 Constitution of the Irish Free State and 1937 Constitution of Ireland conduct over laws in force in the one-time Uk of Bully Britain and Ireland to the extent they were not repugnant to those constitutions. The Beak of Rights was non referred to in subsequent Irish legislation^[44] until the Statute Police Revision Act 2007, which retained information technology,^[45] inverse its curt title to "Bill of Rights 1688"^[46] and repealed most of department 1 (the preamble) as being religiously discriminatory:^[47]

• all words down to "Upon which Messages Elections having been appropriately made"
• Article 7 (allowing Protestants to conduct arms)
• all words from "And they doe Claime Need and Insist"

The Houses of the Oireachtas (Inquiries, Privileges and Procedures) Deed 2013 repealed Article 9 on "freedom of voice communication and debates or proceedings in Parliament" as part of a consolidation of the law on parliamentary privilege.^[48]

Commonwealth of australia [edit]

The Neb of Rights is incorporated into Australian law.^[49] The 9th article, regarding parliamentary freedom of speech, was inherited by Federal Parliament in 1901 under section 49 of the Australian Constitution. It was incorporated into the Parliamentary Privileges Act 1987 which "preserves the application of the traditional expression of this privilege, but spells out in some detail simply what may be covered by the term 'proceedings in Parliament'".^[50]

Canada [edit]

In Canada, the Neb of Rights remains in statute,^{[51] [52]} although it has been largely superseded by domestic ramble legislation. The ninth article on parliamentary freedom of speech remains in agile apply.^[34]

New Zealand [edit]

The Bill of Rights is part of the laws of New Zealand.^[53] The Act was invoked in the 1976 case of Fitzgerald v Muldoon and Others,^[54] which centred on the purporting of newly appointed Prime number Minister Robert Muldoon that he would advise the Governor-Full general to cancel a superannuation scheme established by the New Zealand Superannuation Act, 1974, without new legislation. Muldoon felt that the dissolution would exist immediate and he would later innovate a bill in parliament to retroactively make the abolitionism legal. This claim was challenged in court and the Chief Justice alleged that Muldoon's actions were illegal as they had violated Article 1 of the Bill of Rights, which provides "that the pretended power of dispensing with laws or the execution of laws by majestic authority ... is illegal."^[55]

Modernistic recognition [edit]

Ii special designs of commemorative two pound coins were issued in the U.k. in 1989 to gloat the tercentenary of the Glorious Revolution. One referred to the Bill of Rights and the other to the Claim of Right. Both depict the Majestic Null of William and Mary and the mace of the Business firm of Commons, 1 also shows a representation of the St Edward'southward Crown and the other the Crown of Scotland.^[56]

In May 2011, the Bill of Rights was inscribed in UNESCO's UK Retentiveness of the Globe Register recognizing that:^[57]

All the chief principles of the Nib of Rights are still in force today, and the Bill of Rights continues to be cited in legal cases in the UK and in Commonwealth countries. It has a main place in a wider national historical narrative of documents which established the rights of Parliament and set out universal civil liberties, starting with Magna Carta in 1215. It too has international significance, as it was a model for the U.s.a. Bill of Rights 1789, and its influence can exist seen in other documents which institute rights of human beings, such as the Declaration of the Rights of Man, the Un Declaration of Human Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights.^[32]

As office of the Parliament in the Making plan, the Beak of Rights was on display at the Houses of Parliament in February 2015 and at the British Library from March to September 2015.^{[58] [59]}

Run into also [edit]

• United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland constitutional law
• Crown and Parliament Recognition Deed 1689
• Financial Revolution
• History of liberalism
• Toleration Human activity 1689
• Absenteeism of King William Act 1689

Notes [edit]

1. ^ The Act is cited equally "The Beak of Rights" in the United Kingdom, without a yr, equally authorised by department 1 of, and the Start Schedule to, the Brusk Titles Act 1896. Owing to the repeal of those provisions, information technology is now authorised past section xix(two) of the Estimation Act 1978. In the Democracy of Ireland, it is cited equally "The Pecker of Rights 1688", equally authorised by department 1 of, and the First Schedule to, the Short Titles Deed 1896 (as amended past section v(a) of the Statute Law Revision Act 2007). The short championship of this Human activity was previously "The Bill of Rights".^[1]
2. ^ ^{a b} The Bill of Rights was passed in December 1689, so most sources refer to it by the year 1689.^[two] However, all Acts of Parliament prior to 1793 were ex post facto laws that came into effect on the first mean solar day of the session. The Convention Parliament (1689) met on 22 Jan and became a formal Parliament on 13 Feb. However, the yr 1689 did not begin until 25 March 1689 (One-time Style). Therefore, the Neb of Rights is officially dated 1688.^[1]
3. ^ i.e. ignoring
4. ^ Section Seven of the Virginia Declaration of Rights reads,

   That all power of suspending laws, or the execution of laws, past any authorisation, without consent of the representatives of the people, is injurious to their rights and ought not to be exercised.

   which strongly echoes the starting time ii "ancient rights and liberties" asserted in the Bill of Rights 1689:

   That the pretended power of suspending the laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal;
   That the pretended power of dispensing with laws or the execution of laws by majestic potency, as it hath been assumed and exercised of tardily, is illegal;

   And the Virginia Announcement's Section Ix,

   That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor barbarous and unusual punishments inflicted.

   is borrowed discussion for word from the Bill of Rights 1689.

5. ^ The United Kingdom consists of 4 countries and three distinct legal systems: England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.^{[36] [37]} These jurisdictions accept item legal considerations of their ain, arising from differences in English police force, Scots police and Northern Ireland constabulary.

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} "Bill of Rights [1688]". legislation.gov.united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland. note X1. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
2. ^ "Bill of Rights 1689". UK Parliament. The Bill of Rights 1689 is an atomic number 26 gall ink manuscript on parchment.
3. ^ ^{a b} "Bill of Rights 1689". Parliament U.k.. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
4. ^ ^{a b} The central landmark is the Neb of Rights (1689), which established the supremacy of Parliament over the Crown. ... The Bill of Rights (1689) then settled the primacy of Parliament over the monarch'south prerogatives, providing for the regular meeting of Parliament, gratuitous elections to the Commons, gratis speech in parliamentary debates, and some bones human being rights, most famously freedom from 'fell or unusual penalty'. "Britain's unwritten constitution". British Library. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
5. ^ Schwoerer 1990, pp. 531–548.
6. ^ Maurice Adams; Anne Meuwese; Ernst Hirsch Ballin (2017). Constitutionalism and the Dominion of Law: Bridging Idealism and Realism. Cambridge University Printing. p. 97. ISBN9781316883259 – via Google Books.
7. ^ "From legal document to public myth: Magna Carta in the 17thth century". The British Library . Retrieved 16 October 2017
8. ^ "Magna Carta: Magna Carta in the 17th century". The Society of Antiquaries of London. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
9. ^ "Origins and growth of Parliament". The National Athenaeum. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
10. ^ "Rise of Parliament". The National Athenaeum. Retrieved seven April 2015.
11. ^ "Putney debates". The British Library. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
12. ^ Durant, Volition and Ariel. The Historic period of Louis XIV. (page 277) New York: Simon And Schuster, 1963.
13. ^ Anon. 2010, pp. two–four.
14. ^ "Nib of Rights". British Library. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
15. ^ Horwitz 1977, p. 12.
16. ^ Carpenter 1956, pp. 145–146.
17. ^ Williams 1960, pp. 37–39.
18. ^ ^{a b} "The Convention and Bill of Rights". UK Parliament. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
19. ^ Thatcher 1907, pp. ten.
20. ^ Williams 1960, pp. 28–29.
21. ^ Williams 1960, p. 26.
22. ^ Williams 1960, p. 27.
23. ^ "The Act of Settlement". UK Parliament. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
24. ^ This vigorous assertion of the rights of the field of study meant that the Bill of Rights is oft seen as parallel in importance with Magna Carta itself. "The Beak of Rights". British Library. Retrieved 27 Nov 2015.
25. ^ Although the Neb of Rights attacked the abuse of prerogative power rather than prerogative ability itself, it had the virtue of enshrining in statute what many regarded as ancient rights and liberties. Notwithstanding, some historians maintain that a more profound modify in the relationship between sovereign and Parliament emerged every bit a event of the fiscal settlement that Parliament negotiated with William and Mary. "Ascension of Parliament". The National Archives. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
26. ^ ^{a b} The earliest, and perhaps greatest, victory for liberalism was achieved in England. The rising commercial form that had supported the Tudor monarchy in the 16th century led the revolutionary battle in the 17th, and succeeded in establishing the supremacy of Parliament and, eventually, of the House of Commons. What emerged equally the distinctive feature of modern constitutionalism was not the insistence on the idea that the rex is discipline to constabulary (although this concept is an essential aspect of all constitutionalism). This notion was already well established in the Middle Ages. What was distinctive was the establishment of constructive ways of political command whereby the dominion of law might exist enforced. Modern constitutionalism was born with the political requirement that representative government depended upon the consent of denizen subjects. ... However, as tin can exist seen through provisions in the 1689 Bill of Rights, the English Revolution was fought not only to protect the rights of property (in the narrow sense) merely to establish those liberties which liberals believed essential to human being dignity and moral worth. The "rights of human being" enumerated in the English Beak of Rights gradually were proclaimed beyond the boundaries of England, notably in the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 and in the French Proclamation of the Rights of Man in 1789. "Constitutionalism: America & Beyond". Agency of International Information Programs. U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
27. ^ Walker, Gay & Maer 2009, p. ii: "thereby establishing a constitutional monarchy".
28. ^ Billias 2011, p. 54.
29. ^ Conley, Patrick T.; States, U. S. Constitution Council of the Thirteen Original (1992). The Pecker of Rights and the states: The Colonial and Revolutionary Origins of American Liberties. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 13–15. ISBN9780945612292.
30. ^ Maier 1997, pp. 126–28.
31. ^ Schwartz, Bernard (1992). The Great Rights of Flesh: A History of the American Bill of Rights. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. i–ii. ISBN9780945612285.
32. ^ ^{a b} "All the master principles of the Nib of Rights are still in force today, and the Bill of Rights continues to be cited in legal cases in the UK and in Commonwealth countries. Information technology has a main place in a wider national historical narrative of documents which established the rights of Parliament and fix out universal civil liberties, starting with Magna Carta in 1215. It also has international significance, as it was a model for the US Bill of Rights 1789, and its influence tin be seen in other documents which establish rights of human beings, such as the Declaration of the Rights of Human, the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights and the European Convention on Man Rights." "2011 U.k. Memory of the World Register". United Kingdom National Commission for UNESCO. 23 May 2011. Archived from the original on 8 Dec 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
33. ^ "Facts Nearly the Bill of Rights on Its 220th Anniversary". History.com. 15 December 2011. Archived from the original on four October 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
34. ^ ^{a b c} Lock 1989, pp. 540–561.
35. ^ Toporoski, Richard (Summer 1996). "Monarchy Canada: The Invisible Crown". Archived from the original on 17 June 1997.
36. ^ "A Guide to the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland Legal Organization". Hauser Global Law School Program. New York University School of Law. November 2005. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
37. ^ "The Legal Organisation of the United Kingdom". The Chartered Plant of Legal Executives. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved xvi March 2016.
38. ^ MR JUSTICE STEWART (20 Dec 2017), Kimathi & Ors five Strange And Commonwealth Office [2017] EWHC 3379 (QB) , retrieved ii February 2021
39. ^ Alexander Horne; Oonagh Gay (21 May 2014). "Catastrophe the Hamilton Matter?". UK Constitutional Law Association. U.k. Constitutional Law Association Blog. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
40. ^ This subordination of the Crown (i.eastward. the executive government) to police force is the foundation of the rule of law in the Uk. It has its roots well earlier the state of war betwixt the Crown and Parliament in the seventeenth century just was decisively confirmed in the settlement arrived at with the Glorious Revolution in 1688 and has been recognised ever since,
    Sir Edward Coke reports the considered view of himself and the senior judges of the fourth dimension in The Case of Proclamations (1610) 12 Co. Rep. 74, that:
    

    the Rex by his annunciation or other ways cannot alter whatsoever role of the mutual law, or statute constabulary, or the customs of the realm"

    and that:
    

    the King hath no prerogative, but that which the law of the country allows him."

    The position was confirmed in the first 2 parts of Section 1 of the Bill of Rights 1688:
    

    Suspending power – That the pretended power of suspending of laws or the execution of laws by regall authority without consent of Parlyament is illegall.

    Belatedly dispensing ability – That the pretended ability of dispensing with laws or the execution of laws by regall authoritie as it hath beene causeless and exercised of late is illegall."

    "Miller & Anor, R (On the Application Of) v The Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union [2016] EWHC 2768 (Admin)". England and Wales High Court (Administrative Courtroom) Decisions. 3 November 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
41. ^ "Brexit court ruling: Your questions answered". BBC . Retrieved 4 Nov 2016.
42. ^ "R (on the application of Miller) (Appellant) 5 The Prime Minister (Respondent) Cherry and others (Respondents) 5 Advocate General for Scotland (Appellant) (Scotland)" (PDF). The Supreme Courtroom. 24 September 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019. It must therefore follow, equally a concomitant of Parliamentary sovereignty, that the power to prorogue cannot be unlimited. Statutory requirements as to sittings of Parliament have indeed been enacted from time to time, for example past the Statute of 1362 (36 Edward Iii c 10), the Triennial Acts of 1640 and 1664, the Bill of Rights 1688, the Scottish Merits of Right 1689, the Meeting of Parliament Human activity 1694, and most recently the Northern Ireland Executive Formation etc) Act 2019, section iii. Their existence confirms the necessity of a legal limit on the power to prorogue, just they practice not address the situation with which the present appeals are concerned.
43. ^ Osborough, Westward. Due north. (1998). "The Failure To Enact An Irish Beak Of Rights: A Gap In Irish gaelic Ramble History". Irish Jurist. 33: 392–416. ISSN 0021-1273. JSTOR 44027310. ; Osborough, W. N. (2002). "Constitutionally Constructing A Sense Of Oneness: Facets Of Constabulary In Ireland After The Spousal relationship". Irish Jurist. 37: 227–240. ISSN 0021-1273. JSTOR 44027023.
44. ^ "Pre-1922 Legislation: Statutes of England Affected: 1688". Irish Statute Book. 26 February 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
45. ^ Statute Police Revision Act 2007 §2(2)(a) and Schedule i Function 2
46. ^ Statute Law Revision Deed 2007 §5(a)
47. ^ Statute Law Revision Act 2007 §2(3); Kitt, Tom (14 February 2007). "Statute Law Revision Pecker 2007: Committee Stage". Seanad Éireann (22nd Seanad) Debates. Oireachtas. c.187. Retrieved eleven March 2020.
48. ^ "Houses of the Oireachtas (Inquiries, Privileges and Procedures) Human action 2013". electronic Irish Statute Book. 24 July 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2020. §5 and Schedule
49. ^ Elizabeth Ii (2013), Succession to the Crown (Asking) Pecker (PDF), New South Wales Authorities Printing Office, p. 3, retrieved nineteen July 2013
50. ^ "Infosheet five - Parliamentary privilege". Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
51. ^ Senate of Canada (xx March 2013). "LCJC Meeting No. 74". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 14 June 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
52. ^ Supreme Courtroom of Canada (28 September 1981), Re: Resolution to amend the Constitution, [1981] 1 SCR 753, Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 785
53. ^ Elizabeth Two (2013), Majestic Succession Bill, Wellington: Queen's Printer, South.10, eleven, 12, retrieved 18 July 2013, The Bill of Rights 1688 (1 Volition and Mar Sess ii, c 2) continues to exist function of the laws of New Zealand... The Act of Settlement 1700 (12 and 13 Will three, c 2) continues to be part of the laws of New Zealand... On the changeover, the Imperial Marriages Act 1772 ceases to be part of the laws of New Zealand.
54. ^ "The Constitutional Setting". States Services Commission, New Zealand. Archived from the original on sixteen October 2008.
55. ^ "The legitimacy of judicial review of executive decision-making". New Zealand Law Society. Archived from the original on 4 February 2010.
56. ^ "2 Pound Money". The Imperial Mint. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
57. ^ "Life, expiry and everything in betwixt". United kingdom Parliament. 23 May 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
58. ^ "Magna Carta & Parliament Exhibition". Great britain Parliament. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
59. ^ "Magna Carta: Police, Liberty, Legacy". The British Library. Retrieved 24 Jan 2015.

Bibliography [edit]

• Betimes. (2010). "The Glorious Revolution". Factsheet Full general Series. House of Eatables Data Office.
• Billias, George Athan (2011). American constitutionalism heard round the world, 1776–1989: A global perspective. New York: New York University Printing. ISBN9780814725177 – via Google Books.
• Blick, Andrew (2015). "Magna Carta and contemporary ramble change". History and Policy.
• Carpenter, Edward (1956). The Protestant Bishop. Being the Life of Henry Compton, 1632–1713. Bishop of London . London: Longmans, Dark-green and Visitor. OCLC 1919768.
• Horwitz, Henry (1977). Parliament, Policy and Politics in the Reign of William Iii . Manchester Academy Press. ISBN978-0-7190-0661-half-dozen.
• Lock, Geoffrey (1989). "The 1689 Bill of Rights". Political Studies. 37 (4): 540–561. doi:ten.1111/j.1467-9248.1989.tb00288.x. S2CID 143877589.
• Maier, Pauline (1997). American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence . New York: Knopf. ISBN978-0-679-45492-ii.
• Schwoerer, Lois G. (1990). "Locke, Lockean Ideas, and the Glorious Revolution". Journal of the History of Ideas. 51 (4): 531–548. doi:10.2307/2709645. JSTOR 2709645.
• Thatcher, Oliver Joseph, ed. (1907). The library of original sources. University Research Extension. p. 10. Bill of Rights 1689 december 16.
• Walker, Aileen; Gay, Oonagh; Maer, Lucinda (2009). "Pecker of Rights 1689". House of Commons Library.
• Williams, East. N. (1960). The Eighteenth-Century Constitution. 1688–1815. Cambridge University Press. OCLC 1146699.
• "Statute Police force Revision Act 2007". electronic Irish Statute Book. Attorney General of Ireland. 8 May 2007. Retrieved 11 March 2020.

External links [edit]

• Text of the Bill of Rights Yale Police force School Police force Library
• Text of the Nib of Rights 1689 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk.
• "The Parliamentary Archives". holds the original document

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689

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